作者/来源：yixinu.com
栏目：运维/编程
日期：2012-04-11 02:08:07
磁盘分区 fdisk
[root@fedora14 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
……
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
……
Command (m for help): p
……
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
e
……
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2099200-20971519, default 20971519):
Using default value 20971519
Command (m for help): n
Command action
l logical (5 or over)
p primary partition (1-4)
l
……
Command (m for help): p
……
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2099200 20971519 9436160 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 2101248 4198399 1048576 83 Linux
#一个硬盘只能有4个主磁盘分区，1-4为主磁盘分区编号 ，所以逻辑分区自动从5开始编号
Command (m for help): w
……
[root@fedora14 ~]# ls /dev/sdb* -l
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 16 Apr 11 11:48 /dev/sdb
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 17 Apr 11 11:48 /dev/sdb1
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 18 Apr 11 11:48 /dev/sdb2
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 21 Apr 11 11:48 /dev/sdb5
扫描新的分区表 partx -a /dev/sda
生成文件系统 格式化 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.ntfs mke2fs
文件系统 标签 e2label
example: 使用标签挂载分区
#为/dev/sdb5分配一个标签 [root@fedora14 ~]# e2label /dev/sdb5 mydata #使用标签挂载分区 [root@fedora14 ~]# mount LABEL=mydata /mnt/mydata [root@fedora14 ~]# mount | grep mydata #分区已经挂载成功 /dev/sdb5 on /mnt/mydata type ext4 (rw) [root@fedora14 ~]#
tune2fs 调整文件系统参数
-j 转换为ext3的格式
-c 最大挂载次数
-C 当前挂载次数
-i 扫描时间间隔
dumpe2fs 查看当前配置
example:
[root@bogon ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sda3 | less dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem volume name: <none> Last mounted on: / Filesystem UUID: bfea6e47-92b2-42f3-8715-1890b294f8ea Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 1226400 Block count: 4903424 Reserved block count: 245171 Free blocks: 4114055 Free inodes: 1119491 #空闲的节点数，也就是还能创建这么多个文件 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Reserved GDT blocks: 1022 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8176 Inode blocks per group: 511 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Wed Mar 28 15:20:50 2012 #文件系统创建时间 Last mount time: Tue Apr 10 16:28:22 2012 #最后一次挂载的时间 Last write time: Wed Mar 28 08:42:27 2012 #最后一次写入数据的时间 Mount count: 23 #总共挂载了23次 Maximum mount count: -1 #最大挂载次数 Last checked: Wed Apr 11 01:46:36 2012 #最后一次扫描的时间 Check interval: 432000 (5 days) #扫描间隔 多少秒 Next check after: Mon Apr 16 01:46:36 2012 Lifetime writes: 6216 MB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: 23582fd3-d932-48ae-b063-e6f3818b206a Journal backup: inode blocks Journal features: journal_incompat_revoke Journal size: 128M Journal length: 32768 Journal sequence: 0x00001b15 Journal start: 1 Group 0: (Blocks 0-32767) [ITABLE_ZEROED] #32768个块为一组 Checksum 0x42e7, unused inodes 0 Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-2 Reserved GDT blocks at 3-1024 Block bitmap at 1025 (+1025), Inode bitmap at 1041 (+1041) Inode table at 1057-1567 (+1057) 21217 free blocks, 0 free inodes, 1164 directories Free blocks: 10868-10873, 11372-11583, 11604-11637, 11803-32767 #空间的块不连续，表示磁盘有碎片 Free inodes: Group 1: (Blocks 32768-65535) [ITABLE_ZEROED] Checksum 0x8521, unused inodes 2327 Backup superblock at 32768, Group descriptors at 32769-32770 Reserved GDT blocks at 32771-33792 Block bitmap at 1026, Inode bitmap at 1042 Inode table at 1568-2078 5110 free blocks, 2341 free inodes, 689 directories, 2327 unused inodes Free blocks: 33793-33795, 33820-33851,
example:
[root@bogon ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sda3 | grep -i mount dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Last mounted on: / Default mount options: user_xattr acl Last mount time: Tue Apr 10 16:28:22 2012 Mount count: 23 Maximum mount count: -1改变最大挂载天数为10天
[root@bogon ~]# tune2fs /dev/sda3 -c 10 # tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Setting maximal mount count to 10 [root@bogon ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sda3 | grep -i mount dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Last mounted on: / Default mount options: user_xattr acl Last mount time: Tue Apr 10 16:28:22 2012 Mount count: 23 Maximum mount count: 10改变扫描间隔为5天
[root@bogon ~]# tune2fs /dev/sda3 -i 5d # tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Setting interval between checks to 432000 seconds
Filesystem created: Wed Mar 28 15:20:50 2012 Last mount time: Tue Apr 10 16:28:22 2012 Last write time: Wed Apr 11 01:44:33 2012 Mount count: 23 Maximum mount count: 10 Last checked: Wed Mar 28 15:20:50 2012 Check interval: 432000 (5 days) Next check after: Mon Apr 2 15:20:50 2012
挂载点和文件挂载表 /etc/fstab
UUID=bfea6e47-92b2-42f3-8715-1890b294f8ea / ext4 defaults 1 1 UUID=752274db-0f9f-4df0-85ce-9ab5657fa130 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2 UUID=9cac1051-4eab-444b-9f1f-d47bb2e0684a swap swap defaults 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults分为6个字段
UUID=... / ext4 defaults 1 1
设备名称或ID 挂载点 文件系统类型 默认值，缺少属性 是否开启开机自动扫描 扫描的次序
添加条止的其它几种方式
/dev/sda5 /mnt/mydata ext4 defaults 1 2
LABEL=system /mnt/mydata ext4 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/vol0-root / ext4 defaults 1 1
mount -a 挂载 /etc/fstab 表中的所有条目
修改fstab表之后，先用mount -a挂载看有没有错误再重启
example:
[root@bogon ~]# mkdir /mnt/mydata [root@bogon ~]# e2label /dev/sdb5 mydata [root@bogon ~]# e2label /dev/sdb5 mydata [root@bogon ~]# vim /etc/fstab …… sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 LABEL=mydata /mnt/mydata ext4 defaults 1 2 …… [root@bogon ~]# mount -a [root@bogon ~]# mount | grep mydata /dev/sdb5 on /mnt/mydata type ext4 (rw)
mount -o [选项]
example:
#重新挂载为只读权限 [root@bogon ~]# mount -o remount,ro /mnt/mydata [root@bogon ~]# cd /mnt/mydata [root@bogon mydata]# > aa.txt -bash: aa.txt: Read-only file system #重新挂载当前文件夹为读写权限 [root@bogon mydata]# mount -o remount rw ./ [root@bogon mydata]# > aa.txt [root@bogon mydata]# ls aa.txt lost+found [root@bogon mydata]#
禁用访问时间的更新 mount -o noatime
example:
[root@bogon mydata]# mount -o remount,rw ./ #不使用 noatime 选项 [root@bogon mydata]# stat …… Access: 2012-04-11 03:34:19.818042947 -0700 Modify: 2012-04-11 03:34:19.818042947 -0700 Change: 2012-04-11 03:34:19.871043384 -0700 [root@bogon mydata]# cat aa.txt …… [root@bogon mydata]# stat aa.txt …… # 发现访问时间被修改 Access: 2012-04-11 03:34:59.165043121 -0700 Modify: 2012-04-11 03:34:19.818042947 -0700 Change: 2012-04-11 03:34:19.871043384 -0700 #使用 noatime [root@bogon mydata]# mount -o remount,rw,noatime ./ [root@bogon mydata]# stat aa.txt …… Access: 2012-04-11 03:34:59.165043121 -0700 Modify: 2012-04-11 03:34:19.818042947 -0700 Change: 2012-04-11 03:34:19.871043384 -0700 [root@bogon mydata]# cat aa.txt afd [root@bogon mydata]# stat aa.txt …… # 发现访问时间并没有被修改 Access: 2012-04-11 03:34:59.165043121 -0700 Modify: 2012-04-11 03:34:19.818042947 -0700 Change: 2012-04-11 03:34:19.871043384 -0700 #如果此时 vim 修改这个文件，那么 三个时间都被修改了 [root@bogon mydata]# vim aa.txt [root@bogon mydata]# stat aa.txt …… Access: 2012-04-11 03:37:25.846042888 -0700 Modify: 2012-04-11 03:37:25.846042888 -0700 Change: 2012-04-11 03:37:25.857043014 -0700
禁止执行访问权限 mount -o noexec
example:
#没有加 noexec 选项是，程序可执行 [root@bogon mydata]# chmod 755 ./t.sh [root@bogon mydata]# ./t.sh hello #加上 noexec权限之后 [root@bogon mydata]# mount -o remount,rw,noexec ./ [root@bogon mydata]# mount | grep mydata /dev/sdb5 on /mnt/mydata type ext4 (rw,noexec) [root@bogon mydata]# ./t.sh # 再执行程序 ，提示没有权限 -bash: ./t.sh: Permission denied [root@bogon mydata]#
挂载iso镜像文件 mount -o loop
example:
[root@bogon mydata]# mount -o loop ./conf.iso /tmp/temp mount: warning: /tmp/temp seems to be mounted read-only. [root@bogon mydata]#
/etc/fstab表挂载iso文件
example:
/mnt/mydata/conf.iso /tmp/temp iso9660 ro,loop,defaults 0 0